doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2024.15.2.1469
Effect of Lignin and Commercial Plant Extract on the Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Metal Contaminated Soil
,
Xinxin Guo*
,
Lee Muei Chng , ,
Mohammed JK Bashir
- 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar Campus
- 2Perak, Malaysia
- Manuscript receivedJune 19, 2023
- revisedJuly 25, 2023
- acceptedAugust 2, 2023
- publishedMarch 15, 2024
Abstract
Soil stabilization is a remediation method thatinvolves the application of stabilizing materials to thecontaminated soil to reduce heavy metal mobility in the soil bychanging their forms from mobile to a less mobile form. Theheavy metals can be categorized into five fractions, indecreasing mobility order, exchangeable (Ex), carbonate-bound(Carb), iron-manganese bound (FeMnO), organic (Org), andresidual (Res) fraction. This study attempts to evaluate thelignin and a commercial plant extract as stabilizing materialsfor heavy metal immobilization, specifically on copper (Cu) andNickel (Ni). Lignin showed significant effect on the heavy metalmobility as observed from the change in distribution of theheavy metal fractions. The FeMnO bound Cu in samplestreated by lignin was reduced by approximately 23% while theOrg Cu increased by 23%. The Carb Ni slightly reduced from3.71% to 1.47% while the FeMnO and Org Ni increased byabout 8% and 9% respectively. The FeMnO Cu in the samplestreated by plant extract slightly reduced by 1.81%–3.56%, withincreasing reduction as the concentration increases. ThePearson correlation analysis suggest that the increase in pHreduces the mobility of heavy metals by reducing the Carbfraction of the heavy metals (Cu: r=−0.872; Ni: r=−0.915). Thesoil organic matter (OM) could be the main factor for heavymetal immobilization as OM has strong, positive correlationwith the Org fraction of the heavy metals (Cu: r=0.942; Ni:r=0.938). In short, lignin was found to have better stabilizingeffect than the plant extract.
Keywords
- heavy metal immobilization
- lignin
- plant extract
- soil remediation
How to Cite
Li Na Lee, Xinxin Guo, Lee Muei Chng, Matsura Ibrahim, and Mohammed JK Bashir, "Effect of Lignin and Commercial Plant Extract on the Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Metal Contaminated Soil," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-68, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2024.15.2.1469
Copyright & License
Copyright © 2024 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).