IJESD 2023 Vol.14(3): 219-227
doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2023.14.3.1437
doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2023.14.3.1437
Recovery of the Tambobamba Watershed after Environmental Zoning and Monitoring Using Vegetation Indices
Zósimo Solano-Velarde*, Bimael Justo Quispe-Reymundo, Ronald Héctor Révolo-Acevedo, Uriel Rigoberto Quispe-Quezada, Humberto Dax Bonilla-Mancilla, and Luthgardo Pastor Quispe-Quezada
Manuscript received June 21, 2022; revised July 25, 2022; accepted September 6, 2022.
Abstract—Environmental zoning (EZ) in a watershed is intended to analyze the socioeconomic and biophysical parameters and design potential areas of intervention for the management and sustainability of natural resources, thereby improving people’s quality of life. EZ is incomplete without soil and water conservation techniques and management (SW/mct) to remediate natural environments. In this study, the Tambobamba watershed—during and after EZ—was analyzed in terms of socioeconomics, biophysics, and SW/mct, and monitored according to vegetation indices (VIs). To determine the socioeconomic situation, a rapid rural survey was conducted. To design biophysical maps, each area of the watershed was evaluated. The EZ was designed in 2018, under the demands and basic needs of the population. For monitoring in 2017, 2019, and 2021, the VIs were applied. Population density and poverty levels were low, economic activity was high, there was no university education, and basic services and communication routes were scarce. The watershed presented four climates, two natural domains, a glacial surface, six life zones, eight physiographic zones, two taxonomic orders of soils, and twelve geological classifications. The land is dominated by unused areas, the dominant slope was steep and had four types of HLCUs. Watershed remediation after S-W/mct showed that SAVI increased by 0.01, MSI increased by 0.8, EVI remained constant, NDWI increased by 0.06, and NDVI increased by 0.02. After performing the EZ, we affirmed that the Tambobamba watershed is in a slow recovery.
Index Terms—Socioeconomic status, environmental zoning, soil and water conservation techniques and management, vegetation indices, Tambobamba watershed
Zósimo Solano Velarde, Bimael Justo Quispe Reymundo, Ronald Héctor Révolo Acevedo, and Humberto Dax Bonilla Mancilla are with the Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences; Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru – UNCP; Huancayo 12004, Perú. E-mail: bjqrforesamb@gmail.com (B.J.Q.R.), rrevolo@uncp.edu.pe (R.A.), hbonilla@uncp.edu.pe (H.D.B.M.)
Uriel Rigoberto Quispe Quezada is with the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Huanta-UNAH, Huanta – Ayacucho 05121, Perú. E-mail: uquispe@unah.edu.pe (U.R.Q.Q.)
Luthgardo Pastor Quispe Quezada is with the Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurímac, Apurimac 03001, Perú. E-mail: lpquispe@unamba.edu.pe (L.P.Q.Q.)
*Correspondence: zsolanovelarde@gmail.com (Z.S.V.)
Index Terms—Socioeconomic status, environmental zoning, soil and water conservation techniques and management, vegetation indices, Tambobamba watershed
Zósimo Solano Velarde, Bimael Justo Quispe Reymundo, Ronald Héctor Révolo Acevedo, and Humberto Dax Bonilla Mancilla are with the Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences; Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru – UNCP; Huancayo 12004, Perú. E-mail: bjqrforesamb@gmail.com (B.J.Q.R.), rrevolo@uncp.edu.pe (R.A.), hbonilla@uncp.edu.pe (H.D.B.M.)
Uriel Rigoberto Quispe Quezada is with the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Huanta-UNAH, Huanta – Ayacucho 05121, Perú. E-mail: uquispe@unah.edu.pe (U.R.Q.Q.)
Luthgardo Pastor Quispe Quezada is with the Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurímac, Apurimac 03001, Perú. E-mail: lpquispe@unamba.edu.pe (L.P.Q.Q.)
*Correspondence: zsolanovelarde@gmail.com (Z.S.V.)
Cite: Zósimo Solano-Velarde*, Bimael Justo Quispe-Reymundo, Ronald Héctor Révolo-Acevedo, Uriel Rigoberto Quispe-Quezada, Humberto Dax Bonilla-Mancilla, and Luthgardo Pastor Quispe-Quezada, "Recovery of the Tambobamba Watershed after Environmental Zoning and Monitoring Using Vegetation Indices," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 219-227, 2023.
Copyright © 2023 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
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