doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2026.17.1.1567
Emissions from High-Speed Direct Injection Diesel Engines Using Palm Ethyl Ester Fuel Produced with Potassium Ethoxide Catalyst
Charoen Chinwanitcharoen1,2
,
Cherdphong Seedao1 ,
Sathaporn Chuepeng3 ,
Ekkachai Sutheerasak4,*
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
- 2Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Chonburi, Thailand
- 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
- Manuscript receivedDecember 11, 2024
- revisedJanuary 26, 2025
- acceptedMarch 19, 2025
- publishedFebruary 5, 2026
Abstract
Particle pollution released from diesel engines isan important environmental concern. A replacement of regulardiesel by fatty acid esters is continuously studied to reducepollutants. This paper presents the experimentation of PalmEthyl Ester (PEE) and its blends, running on a High-SpeedDirect Injection (HSDI) diesel engine at a constant speed of3,000 rpm under various electrifications. PEE wastransesterified by palm olein and anhydrous ethanol under thealcohol/oil molar ratio of 6:1 catalyzed by potassium ethoxide at1%. The neat and blended PEE in regular diesel indicated thereduction of exhaust emissions in the HSDI engine. Theunburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, black smoke, andparticulate matter were reduced by 30%, 49%, 36%, and 45%,respectively. The nitric oxide was elevated by 14%. Additionally,the brake thermal efficiency decreased, and the brake specificfuel consumption increased by 9% and 24%, respectively. ThePEE blended with increasing regular diesel led to theimprovement of engine performance and the decrease of nitricoxide according to regular diesel proportions increased.
Keywords
- engine performance
- exhaust emissions
- HSDI diesel engine
- PEE
- regular diesel
How to Cite
Charoen Chinwanitcharoen, Cherdphong Seedao, Sathaporn Chuepeng, and Ekkachai Sutheerasak, "Emissions from High-Speed Direct Injection Diesel Engines Using Palm Ethyl Ester Fuel Produced with Potassium Ethoxide Catalyst," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 77-85, 2026. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2026.17.1.1567
Copyright & License
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).