Abstract—This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of
the factors that influence environmental and energy-related
Research and Development (R&D) expenditures. The analysis
was based on panel data from 22 manufacturing industries from
2008 to 2023, which was obtained from the "Research and
Development Trends Survey" published by the Ministry of
Internal Affairs and Communications. The findings imply that
discrepancies among various industries have a negligible effect
on environmental R&D expenditure. Conversely, the results
suggest that industry-specific characteristics may play a
significant role in allocating resources for energy-related R&D
expenditures. Although internal funding plays a major role in
both the environmental and energy fields, determining whether
it has a positive or negative impact on R&D expenditures
requires consideration of the background of both the fixed and
random effects models using panel data.
Keywords—R&D investment, environmental R&D, energy
R&D, panel data, internal and external funding, fixed and
random effects models
Cite: Shinano Hayashi, "Varied Characteristics of R&D Expenditure in Environmental and Energy Sectors," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 19-27, 2026.
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).