doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2026.17.1.1560
Varied Characteristics of R&D Expenditure in Environmental and Energy Sectors
Shinano Hayashi
- Faculty of Business Administration, Tokoha University, 6-1 Yayoi-cho, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Manuscript receivedJune 28, 2025
- revisedJuly 17, 2025
- acceptedAugust 19, 2025
- publishedJanuary 19, 2026
Abstract
This study conducted a comprehensive analysis ofthe factors that influence environmental and energy-relatedResearch and Development (R&D) expenditures. The analysiswas based on panel data from 22 manufacturing industries from2008 to 2023, which was obtained from the "Research andDevelopment Trends Survey" published by the Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Communications. The findings imply thatdiscrepancies among various industries have a negligible effecton environmental R&D expenditure. Conversely, the resultssuggest that industry-specific characteristics may play asignificant role in allocating resources for energy-related R&Dexpenditures. Although internal funding plays a major role inboth the environmental and energy fields, determining whetherit has a positive or negative impact on R&D expendituresrequires consideration of the background of both the fixed andrandom effects models using panel data.
Keywords
- R&D investment
- environmental R&D
- energy R&D
- panel data
- internal and external funding
- fixed and random effects models
How to Cite
Shinano Hayashi, "Varied Characteristics of R&D Expenditure in Environmental and Energy Sectors," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 19-27, 2026. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2026.17.1.1560
Copyright & License
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).