Abstract—Renal failure occurs when the kidneys become
unable to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood
in an effective way. It can be caused by many medical problems
such as diabetes, and hypertension. Exposure to heavy elements
is another causative factor. Fifteen patients with chronic renal
disease on dialysis were involved in the study (12 males and 3
females) aged between 26 and 74. Complete medical history was
taken from all. The control group involved eight healthy adults
aged between 33 and 47. Serum and urinary lead and cadmium
before and after dialysis (for patients) were taken and once for
control, samples were analyzed by using an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. Results for Lead show that by comparing
pre-dialysis to post-dialysis state, there was a significant
reduction in mean serum lead (Pb) from 0.04±0.04 to 0.01±0.01,
respectively (p = 0.011), which becomes nearly similar to the
control group. For urinary samples, there was a significant
reduction in mean urinary lead (Pb) from 0.88±0.95 to
0.22±0.37, respectively (p = 0.010), which also becomes nearly
similar to the control group. For Cadmium by comparing
pre-dialysis to post-dialysis state, there was no significant
reduction in mean serum cadmium (Cd) from 0.03±0.05 to
0.00±0.00, respectively (p = 0.086), which becomes nearly
similar to the control group. And for urinary samples, there was
a significant reduction in mean urinary cadmium (Cd) from
0.02±0.03 to 0.01±0.01, respectively (p = 0.010).
Keywords—Renal failure, Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Iraq
Cite: Wefaq Sahib and Kawthar Hassan Obayes, "Lead and Cadmium Level in Biological Samples of Kidney Failure Patients in AL-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 146-150, 2025.
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