International Journal of
Environmental Science and Development

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2010-0264(Print)
2972-3698(Online)
Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev.
Bimonthly
10.18178/IJESD
Ms. Stella. Chen
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Home > Articles > All Issues > 2025 > Volume 16 Number 1 (2025) >
IJESD 2025 Vol.16(1): 7-15
doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2025.16.1.1505

Development and Application of Hydrolytic Bacterial Microcapsules as Bioremediation Agent of Hospital Wastewater — A Case Report in Semarang

Stalis N. Ethica1,* , Haryanto Haryanto2 , Aditya R. Ernanto3 , Toeti Rahajoe3,4 , Ayu Rahmawati Sulistyaningtyas3 , Agus Sabdono5

  • 1Magister of Clinical Laboratory Science, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
  • 2Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
  • 3Diploma of Medical Laboratory Technology Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Central Java Indonesia
  • 4Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Kota Semarang (Semarang City Health Laboratory Hall) Central Java, Indonesia
  • 5Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

* Corresponding author

  • Manuscript receivedFebruary 25, 2024
  • revisedSeptember 6, 2024
  • acceptedSeptember 25, 2024
  • publishedJanuary 17, 2025

Abstract

We developed and applied a prototype of a bioremediation agent, alginate-based microcapsules containing living indigenous, hydrolytic bacteria, to treat hospital wastewater in Central Java. The use of microcapsules containing living indigenous, hydrolytic bacteria Bacillus spp. to improve quality parameters of hospital wastewater, as a case in Semarang City, is yet to be reported. The bacteria worked synergically as a consortium consisting of Bacillus velezensis R1.3, B. amyloliquefaciens R1.6, B. amyloliquefaciens R1.14, B. velezensis R1.16, B. licheniformis R2.5, B. amyloliquefaciens R2.9. Microencapsulation of these bacteria was made using Arabic gum, alginate, carrageenan, and maltodextrin at varied ratios of the microcarrier to bacterial biomass by freeze-drying. The best-formed microcapsules resulted in an alginate-based type at a final ratio of 1:1, which, after a year of storage at room temperature, could show cell viability as signs of successful microencapsulation of living bacteria. By aeration, the bacterial microcapsules improved values of NH3 (77%), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand, 57%), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand, 44%), and PO<sub>4</sub> (55%). In conclusion, applying our prototype to untreated hospital wastewater improved pollution parameters and supported bacterial long-term storage.

Keywords

  • biomedical waste
  • bioremediation agent
  • hydrolytic bacteria
  • microencapsulation
  • microcarrier
IJESD-V16N1-1505

How to Cite

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Stalis N. Ethica, Haryanto Haryanto, Aditya R. Ernanto, Toeti Rahajoe, Ayu Rahmawati Sulistyaningtyas, and Agus Sabdono, "Development and Application of Hydrolytic Bacterial Microcapsules as Bioremediation Agent of Hospital Wastewater — A Case Report in Semarang," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 7-15, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2025.16.1.1505

Copyright & License

Copyright © 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).

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