doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2024.15.1.1465
Investigation of Indoor Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Exposure and Health Risk Assessment at a Cross-Border Checkpoint, Chiang Rai Province in Tourism Seasonality
, ,
Sopida Supotina1
,
Kunyarat Poungbut1 ,
Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk2 ,
Susira Bootdee3,*
- 1Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 1 Chiang Mai, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand
- 2Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, Thailand
- 3Chemical Industrial Process and Environment Program, Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (Rayong Campus), Rayong 21120, Thailand
- Manuscript receivedSeptember 27, 2023
- revisedOctober 18, 2023
- acceptedNovember 1, 2023
- publishedFebruary 6, 2024
Abstract
The inhalation of indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is generated by traffic density and is associated with a risk to human health. The objective of this study was to assess indoor NO<sub>2</sub> levels at the Chiang Khong District border crossing at the 4th Thai-Laos Friendship Bridge (Chiang Khong-Huay Xai) in Chiang Rai Province in order to evaluate indoor air quality in tourist season within the limits of a health risk assessment. Indoor NO<sub>2</sub> samplings were collected by using a passive sampling method. The results for indoor NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in all sampling sites in the Chiang Khong District border ranged between 18.7±5.8 to 37.8±28.9 μg/m3. The highest indoor NO<sub>2</sub> concentration was measured in April 2023 (25.1±10.8 to 88.3±30.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) because the total number of tourists and vehicles passing at a cross-border crossing was the highest, which is peak season and Songkran festival in Thailand. Moreover, a significant correlation between indoor NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations was found between the total number of vehicles and tourists (p<0.01). Indoor NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations have been influenced by trucks and cars. The levels of indoor NO<sub>2</sub> emitted by diesel-powered vehicles were obvious. Long-term Hazard Quotient (HQ) values in relation to non-carcinogenic hazards to human health caused by indoor NO<sub>2</sub> exposure revealed that children had higher HQ levels than adults.
Keywords
- nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )
- Hazard Quotient (HQ)
- non-carcinogenic risk assessment
- air pollution
How to Cite
Piyapan Chuamuangpan, Thitipong Ployleaung, Sopida Supotina, Kunyarat Poungbut, Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk, and Susira Bootdee, "Investigation of Indoor Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Exposure and Health Risk Assessment at a Cross-Border Checkpoint, Chiang Rai Province in Tourism Seasonality," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 36-43, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2024.15.1.1465
Copyright & License
Copyright © 2024 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).