IJESD 2014 Vol.5(1): 45-51 ISSN: 2010-0264
DOI: 10.7763/IJESD.2014.V5.448
DOI: 10.7763/IJESD.2014.V5.448
Concentration of Lead in Saliva of Affected Primary School Children
Arweena Iskandar, Siti Nor Ain Seri Masran, and Ahmad Razali Ishak
Abstract—The use of a noninvasive (i.e. saliva) approach to
measure heavy metals are seen as a reliable method of
investigating heavy elements profile in humans. The main
objective of this study is to study the concentration of lead in
saliva of affected primary school children. This cross-sectional
study was carried out at two different primary schools in
Sarawak and specimens were taken from children aged
between 7 - 12 years old (n=50). A survey form consisting
demographic questions adapted from previous journals was
also used to obtain other information. All null hypotheses of this
study were rejected since the p-values showed there have a
significant association (p<0.05) for lead concentration between
exposed and non-exposed school children while except that for
the health risk assessment, where the hazard index (HI) of less
than 1 (indicating low risk). There was a mean difference of
lead concentration in exposed and non-exposed primary school
children. There was an also significant difference for Primary 1,
Primary 2 and Primary 5 standard children.
Index Terms—Lead (Pb), lead concentration, saliva, hazard index (HI).
The authors are with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia (e-mail: arweena_iskandar@yahoo.com, sitinorain@sarawak.uitm.edu.my, ahmadr2772@puncakalam.uitm.edu.my).
Index Terms—Lead (Pb), lead concentration, saliva, hazard index (HI).
The authors are with the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia (e-mail: arweena_iskandar@yahoo.com, sitinorain@sarawak.uitm.edu.my, ahmadr2772@puncakalam.uitm.edu.my).
Cite:Arweena Iskandar, Siti Nor Ain Seri Masran, and Ahmad Razali Ishak, "Concentration of Lead in Saliva of Affected Primary School Children," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45-51, 2014.
General Information
- ISSN: 2010-0264 (Print); 2972-3698 (Online)
- Abbreviated Title: Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev.
- Frequency: Bimonthly
- DOI: 10.18178/IJESD
- Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Richard Haynes
- Managing Editor: Ms. Cherry L. Chen
- Indexing: Scopus (CiteScore 2022: 1.4), Google Scholar, CNKI, ProQuest, EBSCO, etc.
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