Indicators for Sustainable Redevelopment of Cultural Landscapes — Huangpu Veterans Quarter in Taiwan

Overdeveloped land, misused resources, limited and fast development landscape in urban Taiwan, are problems and challenges government continuously facing and avoiding; Re-utilizing underdeveloped and limited landscape in Taiwan is an important subject. Taiwan Kaohsiung obtains and preserves the largest Military Dependents’ Village (MDV) landscape in Taiwan; an important, unique, and valuable historic cultural landscape affiliate historical, military and ethnic group living culture village. This study reviewed sustainable development and village preserve literature, and propose re-development structural framework of MDV through two-stage experts’ questionnaire survey. The first stage utilized the Fuzzy Delphi Method, which focuses on impact factors, and the second, the AHP Method, deals with performance factors. The results indicate that the key impacts on the cultural landscape sustainability redevelopment strategies for Huangpu MDV were its cultural value, historic site, and maintenance management.


I. INTRODUCTION
Along with the aggravate urban expansion, land scarcity, and resource deficiency, urban sustainability development faces critical challenges. Human environment is the core value, concept, principle, and method of sustainability development. Scarce landscape, over-populated, limited living space, and continuous population increase, reutilizing unused lands are vital.
Taiwan Veterans' Village (Quarter) is a significant and special historical heritage, and also an important cultural asset. After China's civil war, soldiers and citizens from different provinces were forced to settle in Taiwan. Statistic shows, from 1945 to 1950, nearly 2 million civilians and soldiers transfer with Kuomintang (KMT) government to Taiwan from Mainland China impacted with dramatic population change to Taiwan society. As the KMT took over Japanese fortress and facilities, KMT soldiers and dependents moved into Japanese dorm successively; however, since dorms were limited, it was first provided to higher rank officers and administration staff, under lack of supply of living space, KMT soldiers and citizens gathered in Taipei, Keelung, and Kaohsiung urban area [1].
The development of Military dependent village can be classified in 5 steps: 1949-1955, public military village were constructed with poor material under the concept of "it is a temporary living space"; 1956-1967, village were planned, Manuscript   Military Dependents Village (MDV) were mostly located on the center of urban zone or near the military/army headquarter; Taipei city consisted largest quantities and densities of MDV, which Kaohsiung had the most MDV households numbers [3]. Due to MDV special living space and diverse residents, the half-closed living system framed and formed a distinct and rare culture in Taiwan society. As time passes on, this unique cultural atmosphere diminishes and the originated space structural started to change.
Thus, to preserve this extraordinary historical and human enclaved cultural landscape space, Taiwan government, Ministry of National Defense, and Ministry of Culture's cooperated to proceed with the preservation and revitalization of MDV.
Many MDV are sited in the core of urban area, with wide land, and comfort living spatial environment and atmosphere Indicators for Sustainable Redevelopment of Cultural Landscapes -Huangpu Veterans Quarter in Taiwan Kuo-Wei Hsu, Nai-Chia Chao, and Jhong-Ping Xie status preserved from the old era; The primary purpose of this research study is to determine important factors that need to be taken under consideration on urban MDV sustainable development.

A. Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development should be prioritized on top of ecological habitat environment, economic benefits, social atmosphere, and cultural characteristics the basic fundamental concepts; a place, city or community, served for this generation and future generation's basic need, choice of freedom, self-respect & self-discipline environment by adopting systematic, integrated, and prioritized strategies action plans [4] The core concept is to "provide to anyone, at any time, at any place, the opportunity of dignity living style at current society"; Sustainable development involves 3 subjects: economic, ecological and social through 5 diverse aspects: economic production, ecology environment, social living, and cultural preservation, and management mechanism [5], [6].
By extending further the core concept of sustainability development, Eco-Village is introduced to the public. According to the Global Ecovillage Network evaluation standard, eco-village is defined and determinate only when ecology environment, social relationship, and economic, culture, and mental living possesses all with sustainability approach [7].
Under different and diverse circumstances, Eco-Village demonstrates different models such as eco-system, rural, or urban sustainable development community. Communities located central cities, are the early development, which is characterized by high-density living spacing, complex formation and mix usage of different soils, and high intensity, indeed community spacing is developed, thus the eco-environment resource is rare [8] .

B. MDV Re-development
Prioritizing MDV re-utilizing analysis, accompanied in detailed discussion on cultural assets' preservation, re-vitalizing and re-utilizing, and cultural creativity industrial development approach. Re-development, a word commonly used on urban environments, not limited only to cultural assets as a single subject, but also under consideration of environmental context and social culture, a broader and macro view approach and arrangement.
Re-development, a wording utilizing different methods and approaches by consolidating and accumulate the historical passage and resources that best demonstrate, present, and establish local custom & tradition.
Content should include area renovation, existing resource utilization, local characteristic and re-establish, local role development, and feature re-setting. Re-novate, re-develop, or re-generate are approaches used in solving urban problem and urban environment re-built planning [9], [10].
Back re-development researches focus on the concept of improving urban environment, throughout a series of evolution change, new subject was introduced. From land re-utilizing to today's emphasis on co-exist of environmental and functional and economic recovery re-development [11].
Regard urban development actual operation, from urban planning & design point of view, extend the vacant space and exploit flooring from the existing lot, elevate to urban scale perspective by integrating historic meaning, great commercial zone, and adopting misused land cluster. Following approaches are re-development strategies: [12] 1) Integrating public space resource 2) Implementing living and cultural activities 3) Establishing urban structure space sequence 4) Strength local landscaping and preserving general urban fabric.

III. HUANGPU MDV
Huangpu MDV is painted with 3 different eras, Japanese colonization, KMT era, and today's inhabit to protect era, demonstrating its significant and historical conflict. Huangpu MDV originated in Japanese construction with single housing or semi-detached housing structure building for Japanese military usage during WWII. Upon the arrival of KMT government, military & dependent moved in; under dependents' living and spacing need, originated Japanese construction method, buildings ware divided and expanded to meet the demand, therefore, MVD formed a distinct combination of Japanese construction and Chinese living style atmosphere. In 2014, Kaohsiung ministry of culture introduced and offered inhabit to protect project, under undamaging and preserving the existing construction structural MVD to personal or small business groups, in helping Huangpu MDV restoration and revitalization. Inner Huangpu village, roads were designed as fishbone road traffic structure format, central axis runs through Chengzheng Elementary School; on west and east side of central axis it extends six lanes, west lanes are connected with Weiwu road, as the east land are joint with the residential area. There are a total of 74 Governor-Generals' (Japanese colonization) standard construction buildings, among 10 are single and 64 semi-detached housing; unfortunately, 4 building construction were bombed by US air force during WWII. One of the building were completely removed and reconstructed which it has lost is originate architecture structure, leaving a total of 69 complete Governor-Generals' (Japanese) standard construction buildings. In 2013, the Ministry of Culture announced 43 building architecture was file as cultural landscape managed by the ministry. As for the remaining building were supervise under Ministry of Defense.

IV. MATH
Through literature review, to form a sustainable village, aspects of environment, economy, and culture ought to be associate within each other, at the same time with cooperation of village's uniqueness, to create and bring out self-brand development. Therefore, generating ecovillage development's aspects into Taiwan's Huangpu Dependent Village, this research concludes that to develop and transform Huangpu New Village into an ecovillage in the future contains three analysis indicators: Social Culture, Spacing Environmental and Economic Beneficial. The Social Cultural aspect summarizes 3 impact factors as MDV military's cultural value, public participation and social identity; the Spacing Environmental aspect categorizes according to the historical development context and environmental characteristics of the space and summarizes 3 factors as historical place, living environment and natural landscape; Economic Beneficial aspect covers factors as maintenance management, operation and development, and local marketing. Through the formulation of the factors, the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) is used, through the under valuable opinions provided by experts and scholars to summarize the impact factors, then by utilizing the AHP method to rank the factors, favors future discussion of Huangpu New Village sustainable development. Re-Development evaluation factor of Huangpu Village, followed by the AHP method as the basis. Considering Huangpu's Village uniqueness and normal MDV spacing, architect, and cultural difference, through Huangpu Village's literature research, initial drafting on sorting the impact factor of Huangpu Village's 3 major factors, social-cultural factor, space environment factor, economical factor.

V. SETTLEMENT AND RESIDENTIAL SPATIAL
The concept of sustainability is not a set of indicative actions, but a new evaluation basis to resources, environment, social, fairness, and topics that brought into consideration.
Taiwan's Ecovillage mostly focus on community development, rare on reuse of cultural asset space as this research.
MDV is a spacial living space with special cultural meaning to Taiwan; it represents an important part of Taiwan's modern history, and its spatial atmosphere which has gradually faded and daily living culture has disappeared through time evolution. How to preserve the unique spatial vocabulary and living culture of the MDV is one of the most considerable topic by Ministry of Culture of Taiwan.
Furthermore, urban spatial, spatial demand and function continuous change as time and population structure changes; MDV located inner urban area, becomes a valuable hinterland for a greater demand for spatial demand in the urban environment. Therefore, how to reach an balance between redevelopment and preserving the existing unique culture of ecovillage of Taiwan MDV has always been in discussion.
Hence, throughout this research, for Taiwan MDV to develop into ecovillage, besides 3 major aspects, Preservation of culture is also one of the key aspects of sustainable development. For ecovillage sustainable development, local culture preservation, not only set as principle for future development, but also stimulate different aspect on operation and mechanism management to become an ecovillage with cultural connotation and characteristic.
this study explores whether under the factors of sustainable redevelopment, in such special culture under settlement and residential spatial, differs on the development impact factor. so we attempts to obtain expert consensus on the impact factors through FDM, and at the same time, concludes that the preservation of cultural values and the maintenance of historical sites are prioritized than other factors on urban MDV redevelopment. At the same time, as the Huangpu New Village promotes the "Inhabitant to protect" project, the maintenance management, and operation mechanism must be taken into primary consideration; further investigation on Huangpu MDV historical culture, from actual spatial distribution, through consideration on village's existing environment heterogeneous & homogeneity, to reach balance in historical cultural preservation and future demand management. Under environmental development, through resident participation and implementing community autonomy, establishing a sustainable development of safe, healthy, and local characteristic Taiwan's MDV.